Sea Urchin Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM)

During Summer 2004, two week-long workshops were held at the University of Central Arkansas for the purpose of teaching high school students and UCA science majors the basic skills of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).  The students were grouped into pairs, consisting of one high school student and one UCA science major, an arrangement patterned after the Breakthrough Collaborative.  Each student pair studied a different feature of the anatomy of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. A sea urchin was chosen because of the extensive base of existing developmental biology data, and Lytechinus variegatus was chosen, in part, because it is one of the organisms for which the entire genome is being sequenced (at the Human Genome Sequencing Center of the Baylor College of Medicine).  During the workshops the students also researched published information on relevant aspects of sea urchin biology, and at the end of each workshop, each student team presented a poster describing their project for other workshop participants and UCA science faculty.

The sea urchin SEM photomicrographs below were obtained by students participating in the Summer 2004 workshops.  We are grateful to the Toyota USA Foundation for supporting these workshops and our other SEM outreach activities.  Additional workshops are planned for the summers of 2005 and 2006, and will still focus on this sea urchin.  Our eventual goal is to obtain a complete set of high quality SEM photomicrographs that would serve as an atlas for the anatomy of this urchin.   Contact us for further information.

            

All pictures below subject to copyright and all rights reserved.

Click on photomicrographs to enlarge.

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A small complete spine, showing flange near base (lower left) and rounded tip (upper right).

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Flange near base of spine, just distal from the socket.  Ridges that are oriented axially on the spine's surface project from flange toward tip of spine, in direction of 2 o'clock.

 

 

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View of ridges on spine's surface about midway along its shaft.  Spine was not bleached, so some cell membrane and organic debris is present on the surface.

 

 

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Close-up of ridges on spine.

 

 

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View of socket at base of spine, which rests in life on a ball-shaped tubercle on the urchin's test.  Portion of spine distal from the flange was removed in this preparation, but most of the flange is visible.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Closer view of socket at base of spine.  The articulating surface is clearly less porous than the surrounding areas.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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View of ball-shaped tubercle on the urchin's test, on which the socket of the spine rests in life.  As with the socket (above), the ball's articulating surface is clearly less porous than the surrounding areas.  Note possible wear marks at 11 o'clock.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Closer view of articulating surface of ball-shaped tubercle on urchin's test, with contrast exagerated to highlight possible wear marks.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Several major and numerous minor cusps at junction of jaws of a pedicellarium.  The sample was not bleached, so substantial tissue is present, which shows cracks in some places as the result of dehydration.

Sample was dried and sputter coated.

 

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Tip of one of the five teeth of Aristotle's lantern showing some erosion and the lamellar internal construction.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Madreporite with one gonopore (largest hole).  The periproct area (which was lost in this sample) is toward the right.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.

 

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Collection of small unfused ossicles around the anus.  Part of the madreporite is visible at the lower right.

Sample was bleached to remove tissue, washed 3x with water, rinsed in alcohol, dried, and sputter coated.